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| Glossary or
Internet Terms |
A
Address - Code by which the Internet
identifies you. The format is
username@hostname, where username is your
username, login name, or account number, and
hostname is the name of the computer or
Internet provider you use. The hostname may be
a few words strung together with periods.
Anonymous FTP - A way to use the FTP
program to log on to another computer to copy
files when you don't have an account on the
other computer. When you log on, enter
'anonymous' as the username and your 'e-mail
address' as the password. This gives you
access to publicly available files.
Applets - Java's advantage is in that
it is composed of many smaller, re-usable
chunks of programming code, called
"applets" (short for
"applications"). This allows for
quicker transfer over the internet, meaning
many new programs will now be able to become
directly interactive, incorporating animation,
sound, and more. (See also Java, ShockWave,
and VRML)
Archie - A system that helps you find
files located anywhere on the Internet. After
Archie locates the file, you can use FTP to
get it. Archie is both a program and a system
of server computers that contain indexes of
files.
Asynchronous Communication -
Communication that occurs at different times,
between two or more individuals, in contrast
to Synchronous communication. For e.g.
e-mails, some conferencing systems, bulletin
boards.
ATM - ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode)
is a networking technology that provides a
guaranteed quality of service. Standard
Internet connections are based on Frame Relay
technology. The throughput of Frame Relay
links can be drastically reduced under certain
circumstances, just as a garden hose becomes
less effective when stepped on or kinked.
However, ATM links are like metal pipes-they
always provide the same amount of throughput,
regardless of the pressure exerted on them. C
I Host's hosting facility has direct ATM
connections to the major Internet hubs on both
the East and West coasts (MAE-East, and
MAE-West).
Authentication - Verifying the identity
of a person or computer process.
Auto-responder - Auto-responders allow
you to automatically return a pre-set message
whenever a selected mailbox receives a
message. It will also notify a selected
mailbox of the receipt and response.
B
Backbone - A high-speed line or series
of connections that form a major pathway
within a network. The term is relative, since
a backbone in a small network will likely be
much smaller than many non-backbone lines in a
large network.
Backgrounds - These are images which
are designed to to sit in the background of a
web page so that all other information, (e.g.text,
images) is seen to sit on top.
Bandwidth - Information theory used to
express the amount of information that can
flow through a given point at a given time.
Usually measured in bits per second (bps).
Also referred to as data transfer.
Browse / browser - You get access to
the WWW through an application called a
'browser', like Netscape or Mosaic. To
'browse' is to search the WWW for information.
Bulletin Board System (BBS) - A
computer system that provides its users files
for downloading and areas for electronic
discussions.
C
Certificates: Secure or Digital -
Issued by a Certificate Authority (such as
Equifax, Thawte or VeriSign) , a Secure
Certificate (also known as a Digital
Certificate) is proof that a Web site is
linked to a legitimate business, with a
physical address and phone number. It is the
job of the Certificate Authority to verify the
identity of merchants and issue each a digital
or authentication certificate.
Chatting - Talking in real time to
other network users from any and all parts of
the world.
CGI script - Common Gateway Interface
(CGI) is a standard for interfacing external
applications with information servers, such as
HTTP or Web servers. A CGI script allows a
program to be run on your server which can
output dynamic information. Some examples of
cgi scripts are: hit counters, mail forms,
search pages and guestbooks. Although Perl is
the predominant language because of it's
worldwide acceptance, CGI can be written in
any number of programming languages such as,
Unix SH, KSH, CSH, and C.
Client - A software program that is
used to contact and obtain data from a server
software program on another computer, often
across a great distance. Each client program
is designed to work with one or more types of
server programs.
Com - When these letters appear in
lowercase type at the end of an address, they
indicate that the host computer is run by a
company rather than a university or government
agency. It also means that the host computer
is most likely located in the United States.
Control Panel: - The Control Panel is
an on-line interface, that allows users to
change and update their Web sites.
Cookies - A mechanism for server-side
connections to store and retrieve information
on the client side.
Cross Platform - Different computing
systems being able to share data.
Cyberspace - A virtual universe of
computers, programs, and data.
D
Data Transfer: - Data transfer
(bandwidth) is the amount of information
downloaded from a Web site. For example, let's
assume all of the data (pictures, text,
buttons) on your homepage totals 25KB (the
size of Yahoo's homepage). If a thousand
people viewed your homepage you'd have 25MB
total data transfer for that month (25KB
multiplied by 1000).
Disk Space: - Disk space is the storage
capacity of your Web site for pictures, HTML,
graphics, etc. and is usually expressed in MB.
Download - To retrieve a file from
another machine, usually a host machine, to
your machine.
DNS - The Domain Name System. A system
for translating computer names into numeric
Internet addresses.
Domain Name - The unique name that
identifies an Internet site. A given machine
may have more than one domain name, but a
given domain name points to only one machine.
It is also possible for a domain name to exist
but not be connected to an actual machine.
This is often done so that a group or business
can have an Internet e-mail address without
having to establish a real Internet site. In
these cases, an Internet service provider's
machine must handle the mail on behalf of the
listed domain name.
Domain Name Registration - Domain Name
Registration is the process of registering
your Web site address (i.e. www.cihost.com)
with an official Internet registrar.
Domain Transfer - When a domain name
(Web site) is moved from one Internet address
to another, the new address must be recorded
by the domain registrar to allow Internet
Domain Name Servers to point to the new
location.
E
Edu - When these letters appear at the
end of an address (info@mit.edu), they
indicate that the host computer is run by an
educational institution. It also means that
the host computer is most likely located in
the United States.
E-mail (Electronic Mail) - Messages
that travel through the electronic networks
rather than being committed to paper.
F
Forms - Forms add extra interactivity
to Web sites. Questionnaires can be created,
that include text areas, check boxes and radio
buttons which are then sent by the viewer to a
specified mailbox, usually the manager of the
Web site.
F.T.P. - File Transfer Protocol. A
method of transferring one or more files from
one computer to another over a network or
phone line.
Finger - A program that displays
information about someone on the net. On most
UNIX systems, this command tells you who is
logged on right now. On most Internet hosts,
it tells you the name, possibly some other
information based on the person's Internet
address, and the last time they logged on.
Firewall - A filter for messages. A
system that has a firewall lets only certain
kinds of messages in and out from the rest of
the Internet. If an organization wants to
exchange mail with the Internet, but does not
want other Internet members "Telnetting
in" and reading those files, its
connection to the Internet can be protected by
using a firewall.
Forward (e-mail) - E-mail forwards
redirect e-mail messages to another mailbox
either within its domain or to an outside
destination.
G
Gateway - A computer that connects one
network with another when the two networks use
different protocols. The UUNET computer
connects the UUCP network with the Internet,
providing a way for mail messages to move
between the two networks.
GIF - Graphics Interchange Format. A
platform-independent file format developed by
CompuServe, the GIF format is commonly used to
distribute graphics on the Internet.
Gopher - A system that lets you find
information by using menus. To use Gopher, you
usually Telnet to a Gopher server and begin
browsing the menus.
H
Helper Application - This is an
application that adds extra functionality to
Web documents. e.g. If you download a movie
clip the Web browser is unable to play the
file but it can boot up a helper application,
in this case it may be 'RealPlayer' (An
audio/video player application).
Hits - This refers to the number of
people who have visited a given Web Site or
page.( e.g.10300 hits)
Host - A computer on the Internet you
may be able to log on to. You can use FTP to
get files from a host computer, and use other
programs (such as telnet) to make use of the
host computer.
Hypermedia - Computer applications that
have the ability to link information to
information created by another application,
characteristic of Internet Applications.
HTTP - Hypertext Transfer Protocol. The
method by which World Wide Web pages are
transferred over the network.
HTML - Hypertext Markup Language. A
system used for writing pages for the World
Wide Web. HTML allows text to include codes
that define fonts, layout, embedded graphics,
and hypertext links.
Hypertext - A system of writing and
displaying text that enables the text to be
linked in multiple ways, available at several
levels of detail. Hypertext documents can also
contain links to related documents, such as
those referred to in footnotes. Hypermedia can
also contain pictures, sounds, and /or video.
I
Image Map - An image map is another way
of creating links between web pages. In image
maps, different parts of the image activate
different links. (an example: this is an
external web link)
Internet Access - Internet access is
usually made through a University Network or a
commercial service provider.
Internet - The vast collection of
interconnected networks that all use the
TCP/IP protocols and that evolved from the
ARPANET of the late 1960s and early 1970s. The
Internet connects roughly 60,000 independent
networks into a vast, global Internet.
IP - Internet Protocol. The transport
layer protocol used as a basis of the
Internet. IP enables information to be routed
from one network to another in packets and
then reassembled when they reach their
destination.
IP Address - A four-part number
separated by periods (for example,
165.113.245.2) that uniquely identifies a
machine on the Internet. Every machine on the
Internet has a unique IP number; if a machine
does not have an IP number, it is not really
on the Internet. Most machines also have one
or more domain names that are easier for
people to remember.
IRC - Internet Relay Chat. A system
that enables Internet users to talk with each
other in real time over the Internet rather
than in person.
ISDN - Integrated Services Digital
Network. A way to move more data over existing
regular phone lines. ISDN is only slowly
becoming available in the USA. ISDN can
provide speeds of 64,000 bits per second over
a regular phone line at almost the same cost
as a normal phone call.
J
Java - This programming code works in
conjunction with HTML to allow dynamic
programs to run and interact with your
computer, where straight HTML is primarily
linear information downloaded to your computer
for static display. Java is a product created
by Sun Microsystems. Watch for many new web
sites to start incorporating limitless
graphics, sound, motion, programs, etc.. (See
also applets, ShockWave, and VRML)
JPEG - Joint Photographic Experts
Group. A group that has defined a compression
scheme that reduces the size of image files by
up to 20 times at the cost of slightly reduced
image quality.
K
L
LAN - Local Area Network. A group of
connected computers, usually located in close
proximity (such as the same building or floor
of the building) so data can be passed among
them.
Links - By inserting hypertextual links
into web documents it is possible to connect
two documents together. These documents can be
on different computers on opposite sides of
the globe.
Listserv - A family of programs that
manages mailing lists by distributing messages
posted to the list, adding and deleting
members automatically.
Locally - This term refers to
information stored and viewed on your
machine(local). As opposed to the information
stored and viewed on other machines on the
internet.
Login - A noun or a verb. Noun: The
account name used to gain access to a computer
system. Unlike a password, the login name is
not a secret. Verb: The act of entering into a
computer system; for example, "Login to
the WELL and then go to the GBN
conference."
M
Mailbox - E-mail - Also called POP
accounts, E-mailboxes serve as a convenient
way to manage messages sent to your domain.
Main Mailbox - Also known as Default
Mailbox, receives all of the e-mail sent to a
domain that is not otherwise forwarded (via a
forward or auto-responder).
Mail To - This enables e-mail contact
to be written into a Web document. (e.g.
select this e-mail address test@cihost.com
Message - A piece of e-mail or a
posting to a newsgroup.
Mirror - An FTP server that provides
copies of the same files as another server.
Some FTP servers are so popular that other
servers have been set up to mirror them and
spread the FTP load to more than one site.
Modem - MOdulator, DEModulator. A
device that you connect to your computer and
to a phone line to allow the computer to talk
to other computers through the phone system.
Modems convert the computer's digital signals
into analog waves that can be transmitted over
standard voice telephone lines. Modem speeds
are measured in bits per second (bps)--also
sometimes expressed as Kilobits (thousands of
bits) per second.
MySQL - MySQL is a relational database
management system. A relational database
stores data in separate tables rather than
putting all the data in one big storeroom.
This adds speed and flexibility. The tables
are linked by defined relations making it
possible to combine data from several tables
on request. The SQL part of MySQL stands for
"Structured Query Language" - the
most common standardized language used to
access databases.
N
Net - Net is an abbreviation for the
term Internet which stands for Interconnected
networks. When these letters appear at the end
of an address (info@cihost.com), they may
indicate that the host computer is run by a
network but is more often used interchangeably
with .com. It also means that the host
computer is most likely located in the United
States.
Netscape - Netscape is a WWW browser.
An application that allows you to search for
information on the World Wide Web and now
other services such as Newsgroups and e-mail.
Network - Any time you connect two or
more computers together so they can share
resources, you have a computer network.
Connect two or more networks together and you
have an internet (small "i").
NNTP - Network News Transfer Protocol.
A protocol defined for distribution, inquiry,
retrieval, and posting of news articles.
Newsgroup - A distributed bulletin
board system about a particular topic. Usenet
News (also know as Netnews) is a system that
distributes thousands of newsgroups to all
parts of the Internet.
O
ODBC Support: - Object Database
Connectivity (ODBC) support allows ODBC
compliant applications to connect to an ODBC
database and extract data without requiring
that the user have programming skills. For
example, Microsoft Excel, Microsoft Access,
and mySQL are ODBC compliant applications.
Using ODBC and mySQL a user can import data
directly into an Excel spreadsheet once mySQL
ODBC drivers have been installed on the user's
computer.
Off-Line - This is working on a
computer that is currently not connected to
the Internet.
On-Line - This is working on a computer
that is currently connected to the Internet.
P
Packet -A chunk of information sent
over a network. Each packet contains the
destination address, the sender's address,
error-control information, and data.
Page - A document, or collection of
information, available by way of the World
Wide Web. To make information available over
the WWW, it is organized into pages. A page
may contain text, graphics, video, and/or
sound files.
Ping - A network management tool that
checks to see whether you can communicate with
another computer on the Internet. It sends a
short message to which the other computer
automatically responds. If the other computer
does not respond to the ping, you usually
cannot establish communications.
POP - Point of Presence. A physical
site in a geographic area where a network
access provider, such as UUNET, has equipment
to which users connect. The local phone
company's central office in a particular area
is also sometimes referred to as their POP for
that area. (As an example, AT&T's POP for
the Seattle area is in downtown Seattle.)
POP - Post Office Protocol. A system by
which a mail server on the Internet lets you
grab your mail and download it to your PC or
Macintosh. Most people refer to this protocol
with its version number (POP2, POP3, and so
on) to avoid confusing it with Point of
Presence.
Pop Account - Same as an e-mail
mailbox. A Pop Account is a mailbox that is
set up to accept e-mail sent to a particular
address.
Posting Up - To send a message to a
discussion group or mailing list.
PPP - Point-to-Point Protocol. A scheme
for connecting two computers over a phone line
(or a network link that acts like a phone
line). Similar to SLIP.
Propagation - The process of
disseminating information throughout a system.
- Example 1 - After registration, new
Internet domain name information is
propagated across the Internet when local
DNS servers update their databases from a
central file. Note: Not all local DNS
databases are updated with the same
frequency (hourly, daily, every other day,
etc.).
- Example 2 - Password changes often must
be made on several different servers and
will not complete propagation until all
affected servers update their databases.
Updating (rehashing) a given server's
database is usually an automated process
that is performed at specific intervals.
Protocol - A language Computers use
when talking to each other.
Q
R
Remote Access - When you access a
computer that you are unable to see. This is
done via a modem or computer network.
S
Screen Resolution - The number of dots
per square inch (dpi) displayed on a screen.
The higher the number of dots, the better the
resolution.
Search Engine - A software application
found on-line which allows you to search for
information, by key words, available on the
Internet (e.g. web sites, newsgroups)
Server - A computer that provides a
service to other computers on a network. An
Archie server, for example, lets people on the
Internet use Archie.
Service Provider - A service provider
is a company who supplies Internet services to
personal users or business. Among other things
they provide access to the Internet or
somewhere to place Web Pages making them
available to the WWW. You pay the service
provider a set fee.
ShockWave - Similar to Java, bringing
enhanced multimedia to the Internet. ShockWave
is a development tool created by the company
Macromedia.
Shopping Cart Software - Software that
permits users to set up an on-line store to
sell merchandise via the Internet.
Site - A site is the term given to a
place where information can be found on the
World Wide Web. (i.e. A Web site)
SLIP - Serial Line Interface Protocol.
A software scheme for connecting a computer to
the Internet.
Socket - When your computer is on the
Internet via a SLIP connection, a socket is a
conversation your computer is having with a
computer elsewhere on the net. You may have
one socket for an FTP session, another socket
for a Telnet session, and another socket
taking care of getting your mail.
SMTP - Simple Mail Transfer Protocol A
protocol used to transfer e-mail between
computers.
SQL - Structured Query Language - a
standardized language used to access
databases. See MySQL.
Synchronous Communication -
Communication that occurs at the same time,
between two or more individuals, for e.g.
telephone conversations, Internet Relay Chat,
face-to-face communication
T
TCP/IP - Transfer Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol. The system that
networks use to communicate with each other on
the Internet.
Telnet - The command and program used
to login from one Internet site to another.
The Telnet command/program gets you to the
"login" prompt of another host.
Terminal - A device that allows you to
send commands to a computer somewhere else. At
a minimum, this usually means a keyboard and a
display screen and some simple circuitry.
Usually you will use terminal software in a
personal computer--the software pretends to be
("emulates") a physical terminal and
allows you to type commands to a computer
somewhere else.
U
UNIX - A computer operating system (the
basic software running on a computer,
underneath things such as word processors and
spreadsheets). UNIX is designed to be used by
many people at the same time (it is "multiuser")
and has TCP/IP built in. It is the most common
operating system for servers on the Internet.
URL - Uniform Resource Locator. The
standard way to give the address of any
resource on the Internet that is part of the
World Wide Web (WWW). A URL looks like this:
http://www.matisse.net/seminars.htm. The most
common way to use a URL is to enter into a Web
browser program, such as Microsoft Internet
Explorer or Netscape Navigator.
USENET - An informal group of systems
that exchange "news." USENET
predates the Internet, but today, the Internet
is used to transfer much of USENET's traffic.
V
Viewer - A program used by Gopher,
WAIS, or WWW client programs to show files
with contents other than text. You would use a
viewer to display graphics or video files, or
to play sound files.
VRML - Virtual Reality Markup Language.
A standard by which the internet uses for
delivering 3-dimensional virtual reality over
the Web.
W
WAN - Wide Area Network. Any internet
or network that covers an area larger than a
single building or campus. (See also:
Internet, LAN, network)
World Wide Web - The newest and most
ambitious of the special Internet services.
The World Wide Web provides full text and
graphical access to documents created using
Hypertext Markup Language(HTML). It is the
first Internet service that incorporates many
of the most popular platforms (e-mail, Gopher,
FTP, Wais, Newsgroups). Attributed to the
world wide success of the Internet. Often
abbreviated 'WWW'.
Web - An abbreviated term for the World
Wide Web.
Web Document - Is a collection of
information stored on the World Wide Web (WWW)
which has the benefit of using hypertext links
to link to other documents on the (WWW).
Web Site - A collection of html files,
graphic files and any other file types that
are supported by the World Wide Web that can
be viewed by using a World Wide Web browser.
Windows Socket - (WinSock). Windows
Sockets is a standard way for Windows-based
programs to work with TCP/IP. You can use
WinSock if you use SLIP to connect to the
Internet.
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